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Controversial World War II book questions 'just war'

SOUTH BERWICK, Maine (AP) -- Even the staunchest opponents of the wars in Vietnam and Iraq are loath to take issue with World War II, the quintessential conflict between good and evil that became the model of a morally just war.

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Nicholson Baker's nonfiction work about World War II has generated controversy.

So it's no surprise that novelist Nicholson Baker's latest venture into nonfiction, "Human Smoke," has stirred up strong feelings. After all, he questions the popular notion of the just war and indicates that Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt share blame with Adolf Hitler in setting the stage for the deadliest and most destructive war in history.

Baker makes his case through hundreds of brief vignettes culled from newspapers, diaries and secondary sources that are presented chronologically and without context or commentary by the author. The book ends on December 31, 1941, as the world plunges into the abyss.

In a two-page "afterword," Baker dedicates the book to pacifists who risked public scorn and imprisonment by fighting to stave off the war.

Outraged by the invasion of Iraq, Baker said he was familiar with arguments that some wars had to be fought and that World War II is the premier example.

"If this is the war that everyone holds up as the benchmark of a morally justified war, let's look very closely at how it began, let's find out what happened, in what order and where the moments were that things could have turned out differently.

"Let's ask the question, 'Was it a good war?' " he said in an interview at his 18th-century farmhouse in this New Hampshire border town where he and his family have lived for the past decade.

Exploring the origins of World War II may seem something of a reach for an unconventional author known for quirky novels such as "Vox," which details a phone sex conversation and became a footnote to history after it was learned that Monica Lewinsky had given a copy to President Bill Clinton. Another novel, "The Mezzanine," explores the thoughts of an office worker who rides an escalator during his lunch hour.

Baker has written articles in The New Yorker, ranging from the history of the fingernail clipper to the workings of a movie projector, but his best-known shift to nonfiction was the 2001 "Double Fold," which lamented the destruction of newspaper archives and their replacement by microfilm.

It was while tending the British Library newspaper collection that he rescued from the shredder that Baker began reading about "the horrible period" that led to World War II and prompted him to dig deeper and try "to make some sense" of the situation.

Baker said he was surprised and shocked at the way Churchill responded to Hitler's attacks on Poland and other neighboring states by launching a relentless bombing campaign against German cities as well as a blockade that was designed to starve the enemy into submission.

"He was acting like a bloodthirsty maniac during that period. That has to go back on the record in all of its unpleasantness. We can't learn from a hero like that. It's a mistake to say that because Hitler was bad, we have to clean up the image of Churchill. Churchill was also bad," Baker said.

Baker maintains that Churchill's bellicose actions and Roosevelt's eagerness to supply Britain with ships and planes served only to prop up Hitler's standing with Germans and strengthen his hold on the country.

"It was the war -- the long, slow war of bombing and blockade -- that fundamentally helped to keep Hitler in power," he said. "The fact that the country was attacked night after night in this way released a massive antipathy to the British."

The people in the book whom Baker looks up to include Mohandas Gandhi, the apostle of nonviolence; Herbert Hoover, who opposed the British blockade; and a handful of lesser-known pacifists who spoke out against the run up to war.

Tall and lean, with a full but neatly trimmed white beard, the 51-year-old Baker does not regard himself as "a war-minded person," but neither does he claim to be "an absolute pacifist." He is sympathetic to the Quaker tradition of nonviolence, having had Quaker forebears and having gone to Haverford College, which was founded by Quakers.

"Human Smoke," which draws its title from a description of the ashes at Auschwitz, is not meant to be a comprehensive history. Rather, he said, "it's just one journey through the thicket of events," one that captures the anguish of the period and puts human faces on those caught up in it.

The book slices and dices the years that led to war into hundreds of little anecdotes rather than a single sweeping narrative. Baker presents the facts in a detached, journalistic manner that belies his underlying passion and leaves it to the reader to sort out contradictions and infer the broader picture.

Reviews, Baker noted, have ranged from "extremely positive" to "ferociously negative." In The New York Times, William Grimes vilified "Human Smoke" as a "self-important, hand-wringing, moral mess of a book." But Colm Toibin, in the newspaper's Sunday Book Review, called it "riveting and fascinating" and "a serious and conscientious contribution to the debate about pacifism."

Among the skeptics was Holocaust scholar Michael Berenbaum, who helped oversee the creation of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

"If there ever was a war that was worth fighting it was World War II, and there is no evidence that I know of whatsoever that Hitler would have responded to passivity except to regard that as empowering him to expand," Berenbaum said. "Hitler could only be stopped by force."

Boy Scouts' actions after tornado called heroic

(CNN) -- Boy Scouts were transformed into heroes when a deadly tornado blew apart their remote camp in western Iowa on Wednesday night.

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Clockwise from top left: Sam Thomsen, 13; Josh Fennen, 13; Aaron Eilerts, 14; and Ben Petrzilka, 14.

In what Iowa Gov. Chet Culver called "a blow right to the gut" Thursday morning, the storm killed four Boy Scouts and sent dozens of others to hospitals.

The tornado at the Little Sioux Scout Ranch killed Josh Fennen, 13, Sam Thomsen, 13, and Ben Petrzilka, 14, all of Omaha, Nebraska; and Aaron Eilerts, 14, of Eagle Grove, Iowa, who was a camp staff member, said Gene Meyer, Iowa public safety commissioner.

Forty-eight Scouts and staff members were injured.

Possible tornadoes also struck northeastern Kansas, killing at least two people, injuring many others and damaging buildings at Kansas State University.

Broken trees and tattered remnants of tents were scattered throughout the Boy Scout campground, midway between Sioux City, Iowa, and Omaha, Nebraska. Map »

Nothing was left of a bunkhouse where Scouts had sought shelter and where a collapsed chimney trapped several victims. Video Watch a tour of the devastated camp »

After all 93 Scouts and staff members were accounted for, stories of heroism began to emerge.

"These young men ... literally saved lives during this time period when emergency management could not get to them," Culver said. They "were the real heroes. ...

"They immediately started helping each other in this time of need [and] set up their own mini-triage unit."

Rob Logsdon, a 15-year-old staff member at the camp, said although he was injured, he rescued some of his fellow Boy Scouts trapped underneath a collapsed chimney at one of the camp's four bunkhouses. Video Watch Logsdon coolly tell his story »

"I was standing up trying to pull bricks off the kids that were sitting there, and then I couldn't do any more because my hip and leg were hurting so badly," Logsdon told CNN's "American Morning."

He dislocated his hip, sprained his ankle and was gashed in his knee when the tornado struck the shelter.

"We were sitting there watching lightning ... and we saw it [the tornado] come around the end of a bluff toward the entrance of the camp," Logsdon said. "So we flipped on the siren and the youth staff members ran to the assigned shelters."

The adult leader ordered everyone to get under the tables.

"All of a sudden, two seconds later, the tornado was on top of us," Logsdon said. "I know it picked up our adult leader's car and threw it 50 yards, easy."

Camper Ben Karschner said it was over quickly. iReport.com: See footage of the large-scale storm system

"Eight seconds, and the tornado passed. That was like the longest eight seconds I've ever had," he told CNN affiliate KETV in Omaha.

Thomas White, an 18-year-old Eagle Scout and staff member, said he lay on the ground with several of the younger Scouts as the tornado roared through.

"The grace of God helped us for sure," he said. Video Watch White recall "horrible" experience »

Logsdon said one of his friends was among the four killed.

"I went back to Little Sioux after I got out of the hospital, and his dad had just found out he died," he said. "He was my staff partner and he was a good kid, and it's a big loss. He was a great kid."

Survivors were receiving trauma and grief counseling, officials said. Omaha.com: Read profiles of the four boys who died

"You see that bunkhouse, and in some ways it's amazing we didn't lose more lives than we did," Nebraska Gov. Dave Heineman said. Photo See images from the camp disaster »

"But those young Scout leaders, the adults who were there, they responded in true Boy Scout fashion, and I think we need to recognize them for what they did."

The boys at the ranch were advanced Scouts between 13 and 18 years old and were there for a week of training, said Lloyd Roitstein, president of the Mid-America Council of Boy Scouts of America. They had been through an emergency preparedness drill on Tuesday, he said.

The storm that struck Kansas State University's campus destroyed a wind erosion lab, damaged several engineering and science buildings and tore the roof off a fraternity house at the school in Manhattan, said Cheryl May, the university's director of media relations.

"Our campus is kind of a mess," she said.

The storm destroyed up to 50 homes and damaged hundreds in Manhattan, said Lt. Kurt Moldrup of the Riley County Police Department.

"We had a lot of damage, but very few injuries," he said.

A man was killed outside Soldier, Kansas -- about 50 miles north of Topeka -- said Sharon Watson, a spokeswoman for the state emergency management agency. His body was found outside his mobile home, she said.

A woman was killed in Chapman, Kansas, her body found in a yard, Watson said.

"The town took a direct hit," she said.

The storm destroyed 60 houses in Chapman, she said. Another 30 suffered major damage, and about 30 received minor damage, she said, citing early estimates from the American Red Cross.

The storms struck as Midwestern states deal with severe flooding along the upper Mississippi River.

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Heavy downpours hit the region over the weekend, with more thunderstorms predicted for Thursday morning. iReport.com: See iReporter hide out from powerful Nebraska thunderstorm

Flooding in the Iowa cities of Des Moines, Waterloo, Cedar Falls and other areas prompted mandatory evacuation orders and sandbagging in the state on Wednesday.

Justices: Gitmo detainees can challenge detention in U.S. courts

WASHINGTON (CNN) -- Suspected terrorists and foreign fighters held by the U.S. military at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have the right to challenge their detention in federal court, the Supreme Court ruled Thursday.

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A prefabricated court complex has been erected at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to try terrorism suspects.

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The decision marks another legal blow to the Bush administration's war on terrorism policies.

The 5-4 vote reflects the divide over how much legal autonomy the U.S. military should have to prosecute about 270 prisoners, some of whom have been held for more than six years without charges. Fourteen of them are alleged to be top al Qaeda figures.

Writing for the majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy said, "The laws and Constitution are designed to survive, and remain in force, in extraordinary times. Liberty and security can be reconciled; and in our system reconciled within the framework of the law."

Kennedy, the court's swing vote, was supported by Justices John Paul Stevens, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer -- generally considered the liberal contingent.

At issue was the rights of detainees to contest their imprisonment and challenge the rules set up to try them. Video Watch how the 5-4 ruling is a major blow for the Bush administration »

A congressional law passed in 2006 would limit court jurisdiction to hear so-called habeas corpus challenges to detention. It is a legal question the justices have tackled three times since 2004, including Thursday's ruling.

Each time, the justices have ruled against the government's claim that it has the authority to hold people it considers "enemy combatants."

Preliminary hearings have begun in Guantanamo for some of the accused, and a military panel this month arraigned five suspected senior al Qaeda detainees, including the alleged mastermind of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who was transferred to the prison camp in 2006.

The Bush administration has urged the high court not to get involved in the broader appeals, saying the federal judiciary has no authority to hear such matters.

Four justices agreed. In a sharp dissent, read in part from the bench, Justice Antonin Scalia said the majority "warps our Constitution."

The "nation will live to regret what the court has done today," Scalia said.

He was supported by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito.

President Bush, who is traveling in Europe, said he disagreed with the Guantanamo ruling but promised to abide by it.

"Congress and the administration worked very carefully on a piece of legislation that set the appropriate procedures in place as to how to deal with the detainees," he said. "We'll study this opinion, and we'll do so with this in mind to determine whether or not additional legislation might be appropriate so that we can safely say, truly say to the American people. 'We are doing everything we can to protect you.' "

The Pentagon declined to comment, and the Justice Department said it was reviewing the decision and was expected to comment later Thursday.

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-California, welcomed the ruling, saying the Supreme Court upheld the Constitution.

"I have long been an advocate of closing Guantanamo so I would hope this is in furtherance of taking that action," Pelosi said.

The appeals involve noncitizens. Sixteen lawsuits filed on behalf of about 200 prisoners were put on hold pending a ruling last year by a federal appeals court upholding the government's right to detain and prosecute suspected terrorists and war criminals.

An attorney for one of the detainees, Salim Ahmed Hamdan -- Osama bin Laden's alleged driver and bodyguard -- said he would file an appeal asking that charges be dropped against the Yemeni native.

"The clearest immediate impact of this ruling is to remove the remaining barriers for closing Guantanamo Bay. It means, in legal terms, Guantanamo Bay is no different than Kansas," attorney Charles Swift said.

Now the ruling has been issued, a flood of similar appeals can be expected.

The lead plaintiffs are Lakhdar Boumediene, a Bosnian, and Fawzi al-Odah of Kuwait. They question the constitutionality of the Military Commissions Act, passed by Congress in October 2006. The law addresses how suspected foreign terrorists and fighters can be tried and sentenced under U.S. military law.

Under the system, those facing trial would have a limited right to appeal any conviction, reducing the jurisdiction of federal courts.

The suspects also must prove to a three-person panel of military officers they are not a terror risk. But defendants would have access to evidence normally given to a jury, and CIA agents were given more guidance in how far they can go in interrogating prisoners.

The law was a direct response to a June 2006 Supreme Court ruling striking down the Bush administration's plan to try detainees before military commissions.

In 2004, the justices also affirmed the right of prisoners to challenge their detention in federal court. Congress and the administration have sought to restrict such access.

The Justice Department wanted the high court to pass on these appeals, at least until the first wave of tribunals had a chance to work. Administration officials also argued the prisoners have plenty of legal safeguards.

The White House has said it is considering whether to close the Guantanamo prison, suggesting some high-level al Qaeda detainees could be transferred to the federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, and to a military brig in North Charleston, South Carolina.

Most of the dozens of pending cases have been handled in the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, which in February 2007 upheld the Military Commissions Act's provision stripping courts of jurisdiction to hear "habeas" challenges to the prisoners' confinement.

But a three-judge panel of the same circuit expressed concern about why the U.S. military continues to limit attorney access to the Guantanamo men.

The detainees' legal team alleges the government is unfairly restricting access to potentially exculpatory evidence, including documents they may not know exist before pretrial hearings.

Legal and terrorism analysts said the issues presented in these latest sets of appeals are unlike those the justices have delved into previously.

"The difference in this case is that they have a congressional enactment cutting back on habeas corpus that they have to wrestle with," said Edward Lazarus, a leading appellate attorney and author of a book on the high court, "Closed Chambers: The Rise, Fall, and Future of the Modern Supreme Court."

"And that, from a constitutional point of view, is really a different question."

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In a separate decision, the court refused to intervene in the case of two American citizens convicted in Iraqi courts but held by the U.S. military.

The high court rejected lawyers' arguments that Mohammad Munaf and Shawqi Ahmad Omar should be released, saying that U.S. courts are not allowed to intervene in foreign courts.

Bush meets with Italian ally on Europe tour

ROME, Italy (CNN) -- President Bush's farewell tour of Europe took him to Rome on Thursday, where he met with his friend and ally, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.

President George W. Bush with Italian Army General Rolando Mosca Moschini

President George W. Bush with Italian General Rolando Mosca Moschini arriving at Rome's presidential palace.

Iran and Afghanistan were high on the agenda but at a news conference Bush was also asked about a U.S. Supreme Court blow to his administration's war on terror policies.

Bush said he disagreed with the ruling that Guantanamo Bat detainees have the right to challenge their detention in federal courts, but he would abide by it.

"Congress and the administration worked very carefully on a piece of legislation that set the appropriate procedures in place as to how to deal with the detainees," he said.

"We'll study this opinion, and we'll do so with this in mind to determine whether or not additional legislation might be appropriate so that we can safely say, truly say to the American people. 'We are doing everything we can to protect you.'"

Berlusconi, known for his flamboyant style, has remained one of Bush's staunchest allies in Europe over the years. The Italian began his second term as prime minister in 2001, months after Bush entered the White House and shortly before the September 11 attacks.

He has shown unwavering support for the president ever since.

"I agree with the United States even before it speaks out," Berlusconi once said.

The prime minister recently wrote in Time Magazine that he and Bush share a sense of justice, freedom, and democracy, something a former Berlusconi spokesman said has kept the two leaders close.

"I think that Berlusconi is moved by this feeling that he is -- and Bush as well, I imagine -- that they are on the right side of history, that they are defending the good of this world in this difficult confrontation which is going on between good and bad," said Jas Gawronski.

Berlusconi's support for Bush has been important, especially where the issue of troops for Iraq and Afghanistan have been concerned. Italy initially contributed troops to the war in Iraq but no longer has troops in the country; it still takes part in the NATO mission in Afghanistan.

Iraq could have also been one of the things that cost Berlusconi reelection in 2006. Polls show a majority of Italians oppose the war, and voters clearly didn't believe Berlusconi when he said he tried to convince the U.S. president not to invade Iraq.

Berlusconi won reelection in April this year.

Italy wants to ease fighting restrictions on its soldiers deployed in Afghanistan, as requested by NATO and the United States, but in exchange it wants a greater role in dealing with Iran's nuclear threat.

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Iran was also a major topic during Bush's stops this week in Germany, where he met with Chancellor Angela Merkel, and Slovenia, where he met with Slovenian and EU leaders.

Leading up to his afternoon meeting with Berlusconi, Bush held a roundtable discussion Thursday morning with Italian entrepreneurs who worked or will work at U.S. companies in Silicon Valley in California. He then met with Italian President Giorgio Napolitano at Rome's Quirinale Palace. On Friday, Bush planned to meet with Pope Benedict XVI at the Vatican before traveling on to France and Britain.

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McLaren boss supports Formula One overhaul

WOKING, England (AP) -- McLaren chief Ron Dennis would support an overhaul of Formula One to restore stability in the wake of the Max Mosley sex scandal, and does not rule out backing a breakaway series.

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McLaren boss Ron Dennis would support an overhaul of Formula One.

Dennis gave his outlook on the sport's future on Wednesday, days after participating in talks organized by F1 boss Bernie Ecclestone about breaking away from the FIA, which has governed the sport for its 58-year history.

"I will always support what I think is in the interests of Formula One," Dennis said in an interview with The Associated Press at McLaren headquarters in Woking. "If anything is put forward as an initiative that is in the best interests of Formula One and this company I will support it.

"That does not mean I favor any particular path at the moment. We need stability, consistency, and the right values and images for Formula One, and whatever process is put forward if it's the right one I'll support it."

The series has been plunged into turmoil since Mosley, the FIA president, was shown in a British tabloid engaged in sadomasochistic sex with prostitutes that allegedly involved a Nazi theme.

Mosley survived a FIA vote of confidence earlier this month, but the fallout lingers.

The discussions on splitting with the FIA were held at last weekend's Montreal Grand Prix.

"There were a series of meetings that took place in Canada," Dennis said at the launch of Go Motorsport, an initiative to encourage wider participation in Formula One in Britain. "Those meetings were meant to be private and confidential. Inevitably rumors come out of those meetings.

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"We want a stable Formula One in which we can participate at a level playing field for everybody and a good commercial basis under which to compete. That has always been a challenge for the teams to achieve those objectives."

Dennis believes F1 will undergo a transformation to remain one of the world's most popular auto racing circuits, but believes it will continue to experience disputes away from the track. "Inevitably, it's there in every sport," he said, "why should it not be in Formula One?"

Wife jailed for silence on suicide bomb plot

LONDON, England (CNN) -- The wife of a would-be London train bomber was sentenced Thursday to 15 years in jail for failing to tell police about her husband's plan to attack an Underground station three years ago, the court and police said.

Hussain Osman

Hussain Osman was sentenced to life in prison for attempting to launch bomb attacks in London.

Yeshi Girma, 31, is the wife of Hussain Osman, one of four men seen on closed-circuit TV attempting to detonate backpacks containing homemade explosives on three London underground trains and a bus on July 21, 2005.

Girma's sentence was handed down a day after she and her brother and sister were convicted of assisting an offender and not disclosing information about terrorism acts, Metropolitan Police said.

Following a four-month trial, Girma was also convicted of having prior knowledge of the planned attacks and failing to pass information to the authorities.

According to police, Girma actively helped her husband escape after the failed bombings and tried to mislead the police in their inquiries to find Osman.

Her brother received a 10-year sentence and her sister received a 15-year sentence for their roles.

Osman was convicted and imprisoned for life last year for his part in the attempted bombings.

Four others involved in the London plot -- including the three others caught on surveillance video -- were also imprisoned for their role in the attempted bombings.

The bombs misfired and did not kill anyone, but caused alarm in Britain's capital.

The copycat plot happened just two weeks after the July 7 suicide attacks on London's subway and bus system which killed 52 people, plus the four bombers, and injured about 700.

Pakistan airstrike video may be incomplete, Pentagon says

(CNN) -- Grainy video footage released by the U.S. military may not provide a complete picture of what happened in an airstrike that Pakistan says killed 11 of its soldiers, the Pentagon conceded Thursday.

Footage from unmanned U.S. drone

The U.S. military says the grainy footage shows how its airstrikes targeted fighters engaged with coalition forces.

The U.S. military says the aerial footage, taken from an unmanned drone, depicts a Tuesday attack on guerrilla fighters who were battling coalition troops along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.

An after-the-fact narration repeatedly notes that there are no military structures or outposts within the impact area, and says seven "anti-Afghan forces" were killed on a mountain ridge by precision-guided bombs.

But a U.S. Air Force document indicates bombs were dropped on buildings near the border, and Pentagon spokesman Bryan Whitman conceded there may have been another strike that occurred outside the view of the drone's camera.

The Air Force's official summary of combat action for Tuesday reports that a B-1 bomber and two F-15 fighter-bombers dropped laser- and satellite-guided bombs on "anti-coalition members in the open and in buildings in the vicinity of Asadabad." Video Watch footage from the drone of the U.S. airstrike »

Pakistan's military said its troops were killed at a Frontier Corps outpost near the border town of Gora Prai, and that the outpost was destroyed in the strike.

Islamabad called it a "completely unprovoked and cowardly act," and the Pakistani government -- a key ally in the U.S.-led war on terrorism -- summoned U.S. Ambassador Anne Patterson to protest the matter.

The U.S. Embassy in Islamabad later released a statement expressing regret over the incident.

The Pentagon said the incident remains under investigation, and could not say whether additional videos would be released.

A U.S. official with knowledge of the reports told CNN that the airstrike targeted suspected militants who had fled into Pakistan after conducting an ambush on the Afghan side of the border.

The official said Pakistani military officials worked with the U.S. forces to track the militants as they fled across the border into Pakistan, and the mission was permitted under the rules of engagement, which allow "hot pursuit" across the border of suspected militants when locations are verified.

At a Pentagon news briefing on Wednesday, spokesman Geoff Morrell was grilled about the airstrike and the reported Pakistani military deaths. He stressed that "every indication we have at this point is that this was, indeed, a legitimate strike in defense of our forces after they came under attack."

But Pakistan's military had a much different account of what happened.

The top spokesman for the Pakistan army, Gen. Athar Abbas, told CNN that the airstrike happened after U.S. forces were called in by Afghan troops who had engaged in a border clash with Taliban forces.

The Taliban forces fired on the Afghan troops as they tried to set up a checkpoint in a disputed area along the Afghan-Pakistan border, Abbas said.

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The Afghan troops then called for help from the U.S.-led coalition forces, which carried out an airstrike on positions where Pakistani frontier corps forces were stationed, Abbas added.

Abbas said the airstrike killed 11 Pakistani soldiers, including a high-ranking major, and wounded seven others.

Daniel Craig suffers minor injury on Bond set

LOS ANGELES, California (AP) -- Agent 007 still has all of his digits.

Craig

Daniel Craig hurt his hand during filming, but was back on the set later, said a spokesman.

Daniel Craig was sent to the hospital after suffering a minor hand injury while filming the latest James Bond movie "Quantum of Solace" at Pinewood Studios near London.

"There was a minor incident on set," Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group spokesman Steve Elzer told The Associated Press on Wednesday. "Daniel injured his hand. He sought medical attention. He was back on the set within a matter of hours and production went on."

An e-mail and phone call to the 40-year-old British actor's publicist was not immediately returned Wednesday.

It's not the first accident that's occurred during filming for "Quantum of Solace." Stuntmen were injured while filming an action sequence on famously winding lakeside roads in Northern Italy in April. Neither Craig, director Marc Forster or any other cast members were at the location when those accidents occurred.

"Quantum of Solace" is the 22nd Bond film and is scheduled for release later this year.

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